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In the developed world energy abundance is being achieved through consumption of cheap, high-energy [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel fossil fuel] sources such as coal, oil and gas. This provided the energy required to drive the Industrial Revolution and improve the living standards of millions of people. However, rapid exploitation of such non-renewable energy sources has had adverse effects on the environment, including global warming, air and water pollution, and ocean acidification. There exists an inequitable access to global energy resources, and increasing political and social stresses resulting from an economic dependence on oil-producing regions. 
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{{Cleanup-rewrite}} {{Expand article|date=February 2013}}
  
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Future energy systems need to provide energy abundance while being sustainable and non-polluting. Energy production should be distributed, diverse, intelligent and highly integrated into technological, industrial and domestic systems. Technologies will be evaluated on their ability to efficiently and cleanly provide abundant energy and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source open-source] designs are preferred.  
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Energy can be saved through sharing appliances (for instance by using a beamer to watch film and television). Energy plays an important part in automation.
  
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==The planning stage==
 
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Energy in the broadest sense is intrinsically linked to all systems and will be the common thread connecting housing, agriculture, water and waste treatment, industry, automation, and transport. Hence, energy production, monitoring, efficiency, and use, need to be carefully considered during the design stage of the city. The ideal scenario for a “stand-alone” community such as the RBE10k city is to produce as much energy as possible from waste products (human waste, food waste, waste heat), i.e. “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_recycling energy recycling]” and the renewable sources available at the location (e.g. solar, wind, hydro).
 
  
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===Evaluating needs===
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== Energy generation ==
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Energy abundance will be created by intelligent and efficient generation, monitoring and use. As much as possible, the city will operate as a closed cycle incorporating the “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_to_cradle cradle-to-cradle]” ideology where all “waste” is considered as a “food” for either a biological or technological cycle. For example, food waste is converted to compost for agriculture, or human waste is converted to methane for cooking or electricity production. The energy needs of 10 000 people need to be estimated considering the following areas.
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* Housing
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** Electricity, heating
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* Industry
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* Transport
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** Electricity, liquid fuels, hydrogen…
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* Agriculture
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* Water and waste treatment
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===Energy production===
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=== Solar updraft tower <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower</ref> ===
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It is likely that there exists no single energy production technology that will meet all the needs and requirements of the community. Various sustainable technologies will need to be implemented. In the first case the choice of technologies will be limited by the budget of the project and availability (level of development, patents/licensing). Well-developed and benchmarked technology (e.g. solar and wind) could be used in conjunction with emerging technologies (e.g. fuel cells, combined heat and power). All systems will need to be evaluated with respect to the following issues:
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* Provides [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load_power_plant baseload] or variable generation?
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* Reliability
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* Impact of manufacture (energy use, environmental problems)
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* Lifetime
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* Economic
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** Single purchase cost
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** Ongoing costs such as maintenance and consumables (e.g. hydrogen for fuel cells)
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* Open-source design available?
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The following energy production technologies will be evaluated for their feasibility. Follow the links to see more information about the advantages and disadvantages of each. Once all the information is collected, a brief comparison table will be included.  
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Cost per Watt of capacity = 4 EUR <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower</ref>
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* [[/PV|Solar (photovoltaic)]]
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* [[/SUT|Solar updraft tower]]
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* [[/Wind/]]
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* [[/Hydroelectric/]]
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* [[/Combined|Combined heat and power]]
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* [[/Fuel cell/]]s
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* Fuel production
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** [[/Methane|Methane generation from waste]]
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** [[/HC|Bioethanol and biodiesel]]
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===Energy efficiency and monitoring===
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Cost per watt of capacity (200 MW): 4 EUR, (50 MW): 6,04 <ref>http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf</ref>
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During the design process it is important to consider energy efficiency and use within all components of the city. Continued upgrading and optimisation of the energy systems could be achieved via monitoring and “intelligent integration” with other systems (e.g. waste heat, heating, lighting, telecommunications). Energy can be saved through sharing resources and appliances (for instance using a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector beamer] to watch film and television). See an additional page for [[detailed energy use of appliances]].
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50 MW (Spain, 1800) cost per Watt: 20 EUR<ref>http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf</ref>
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200 MW (Spain, 1800) cost per Watt: 12 EUR<ref>http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf</ref>
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+ Low maintenance cost.
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+ Uses greenhouses that can be used for agriculture.
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+ Produces energy at night at a reduced rate <ref>http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf</ref>
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+ Produces energy when overcast
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<ref>http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf</ref>
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+ May be able to desalize water by using condensation <ref>http://inhabitat.com/solar-updraft-towers-in-namibia/attachment/14194/</ref>
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-Takes in a relatively large amount of space.<ref>http://educypedia.karadimov.info/library/Solar%20Updraft%20Towers.pdf</ref>
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=== Solar power tower ===
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+Desalinizes water.
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+Contains a furnace (that can be used for melting iron for instance).
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-Solar has a variable output.
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=== PV panels ===
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Cost per Watt = 7 EUR (Spain, 1800) - 13 EUR (Netherlands, 900)
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<ref>http://www.zonnepanelen.nl/metdezon-a-merk-zonnepaneel-300-watt-piek.html</ref> <ref>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png </ref> <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak</ref>
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+ Decentralized
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- Variable output
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== Energy use ==
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*Beamer
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100-300 Watts. Can provide for +- 100 people. Per person: 2 Watt.<ref> http://www.energieverbruikers.nl/categorie/28/Beeld+en+geluid/Beamers </ref>
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*Small led television
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57 Watt. Per person: 14-57 Watt.<ref> http://www.consumentenbond.nl/test/elektronica-communicatie/tv-en-video/televisies/extra/energieverbruik-tv/ </ref>
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*Xbox
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185 Watts <ref> http://tweakers.net/nieuws/46446/energieverbruik-xbox-360-ps3-wii-vergeleken.html </ref>
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*Wii
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18 Watts<ref> http://tweakers.net/nieuws/46446/energieverbruik-xbox-360-ps3-wii-vergeleken.html </ref>
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*Desktop (with peripherals):
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60-250 Watts<ref>http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/computers.html </ref>
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*Laptop:
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40 Watts<ref>http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/computers.html </ref>
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*Netbook:
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16 Watts<ref>http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/computers.html </ref>
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*Tablet (Ipad2)
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1-3 Watts <ref>http://armdevices.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/nextgen_pixelqi_display.jpg </ref>
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*Iphone
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Less than tablet<ref> http://cdn.macrumors.com/article-new/2012/09/iphone_5_energy_use_compared.jpg</ref>
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*Amplifier
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40 Watts and up <ref>http://www.energieverbruikers.nl/categorie/195/2/Versterkers</ref>
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*DVD player
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10 Watts and up
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*Nanolight (100W equivalent, 30,000 hours)
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12 Watts <ref> http://www.thenanolight.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=207 </ref>
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*Led lamp (50-60W equivalent, 50,000 hours)
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6 Watts <ref> http://www.ledlampendirect.nl/led-e27-lamp-230-volt-6-watt-vervangt-50-60-watt-gloeilamp.html </ref>
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*Washing machine
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0,81kwh/wash
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1600 W
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average 9 year
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average 500 EUR<ref>https://forum.www.trosradar.nl/viewtopic.php?f=51&t=125783 </ref>
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(If 10 people share one machine: 36 years = 200 EUR per person)
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*Dishwasher
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175 Kwh <ref>http://www.nuon.nl/energie-besparen/artikelen-apparaten/verbruik-vaatwasser.jsp</ref>
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*Refrigerator
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>12 Watt
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<ref>http://www.bestekeus.nl/product_info.php?pId=104095&ref=tt</ref>
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(374 L, no freezer, 700 EUR)
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12 V refrigerator
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4,7 Watt 50L (700 USD)<ref>http://www.sunshineworks.com/sundanzer-dc-refrigerator-50l.htm</ref>
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== Monetary cost ==
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=== Solar updraft tower ===
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Collector diameter +- 750 meter = 400,000 m2 = 100 acre (60 soccer pitches)<ref>http://educypedia.karadimov.info/library/Solar%20Updraft%20Towers.pdf</ref>
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Land price US +- 1,000 - 10,000 USD per acre
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Argentina < 8,000 USD per acre <ref> http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14093&ArticleId=363225 </ref>
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100,000 - 1,000,000 for land
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Cost of maintenance 40 years: +- 1,000,000 USD <ref> http://www.architecture.mit.edu/sites/all/files/attachments/lecture/SolarUpdraftTower_Project.pdf </ref>
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100 W capacity per settler when the sun is shining. This means using anything other than a tablet / smartphone is advised against.
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Watching television by yourself or with a handful of people should also not be a habit.
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A 1 MW solar plant will produce +- 0.25 MW average over a 24 hour day.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS10_solar_power_plant</ref>
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}

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